Triple-negative breast cancer, also known as triple-negative breast cancer, is considered a special type of breast cancer. This type of breast cancer can progress more aggressively than other types. Even if a person has overcome this disease, the risk of recurrence is high. Treatment options are limited for this type of cancer. The disease can progress quickly. Therefore, as with all cancers, early diagnosis is very important. A person must make lifestyle changes. They should lead a more regular and balanced life. Attention should be given to nutrition and exercise.
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In triple-negative breast cancer, there is an inability to respond to three hormones compared to other types of breast cancer. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptors are absent. Receptors refer to protein molecules found on the surface of cancer cells. Therefore, not all breast cancer treatment methods may be applicable to triple-negative types. The most effective treatment for triple-negative breast cancer may be chemotherapy.
Symptoms of Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Symptoms of triple-negative breast cancer are very similar to those of other breast cancers. However, some differences may be observed. The symptoms of triple-negative breast cancer can be listed as follows:
- Swelling, pain, redness
- Change in breast size or shape
- Discharge from the nipple
- Swelling of lymph nodes under the arm
- Hardness in the breast mass
- Dimpling or wrinkling of the breast skin
Risk Factors of Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer is distinguished from other types by its rapid progression and recurrence. The risk factors for this disease include genetic predisposition, age, race, and estrogen levels. BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are known to be associated with triple-negative breast cancer. These genes are found in everyone, but individuals diagnosed with this type of breast cancer often have congenital anomalies in these genes.
Women of African descent and those under the age of 50 are considered to be at higher risk for this type of breast cancer. Women with low estrogen levels after menopause are also at risk. Smoking is another factor that increases the risk of breast cancer. Unhealthy eating habits, obesity, and a lack of physical activity can also increase the risk of developing this type of cancer.
How is Triple Negative Breast Cancer Diagnosed?
As with other types of breast cancer, early diagnosis is life-saving in triple-negative breast cancer. The diagnostic methods used for other types of breast cancer also apply to triple-negative types. Performing a breast self-examination is a crucial part of diagnosing breast cancer. Initially, a doctor's examination is needed, followed by a breast ultrasound and mammography to confirm the diagnosis. A breast biopsy can be performed to determine whether the mass in the breast is cancerous. Breast cancer diagnosis is determined, and to identify the specific type, estrogen-progesterone and HER2 receptors are examined. If these three cancer markers are negative, the diagnosis can be made as triple-negative breast cancer.
What are the Stages of Triple Negative Breast Cancer?
Radiological examinations are conducted to determine the stages of triple-negative breast cancer. Staging is important for determining which methods can be used to treat the cancer. In triple-negative breast cancer, since hormone therapies used in other breast cancer treatments will not be effective, different treatment methods should be followed. In the early stages of triple-negative breast cancer, it is important to shrink the tumor and increase the success of surgical treatment. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy can be effective methods for early-stage cancers. If the cancer is small enough to be removed surgically, mastectomy should be performed to preserve the breast.
In later stages, common chemotherapy drugs are used. For women whose cancer does not respond to these common chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapies may be used. In some cases, surgery or radiation may also be applied.
